Two qubit entangling gates īesides the controlled-NOT gate proposed by Cirac and Zoller in 1995, many equivalent, but more robust, schemes have been proposed and implemented experimentally since. Although this model utilizes the rotating wave approximation, it proves to be effective for the purposes of trapped-ion quantum computing. Once the Hamiltonian is found, the formula for the unitary operation performed on the qubit can be derived using the principles of quantum time evolution. To obtain the Hamiltonian for the ion-laser interaction, apply the Jaynes–Cummings model. These rotations are the universal building blocks for single-qubit gates in quantum computing. This saddle point is the point of minimized energy magnitude, | E ( x ) | are the raising and lowering operators of spin (see Ladder operator). If the RF field has the right parameters (oscillation frequency and field strength), the charged particle becomes effectively trapped at the saddle point by a restoring force, with the motion described by a set of Mathieu equations. Instead, an electric field oscillating at radio frequency (RF) is applied, forming a potential with the shape of a saddle spinning at the RF frequency. Charged particles cannot be trapped in 3D by just electrostatic forces because of Earnshaw's theorem. The electrodynamic quadrupole ion trap currently used in trapped ion quantum computing research was invented in the 1950s by Wolfgang Paul (who received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1989 ). Ĭlassical linear Paul trap in Innsbruck for a string of Calcium ions. The same year, a key step in the controlled-NOT gate was experimentally realized at NIST Ion Storage Group, and research in quantum computing began to take off worldwide. The first implementation scheme for a controlled-NOT quantum gate was proposed by Ignacio Cirac and Peter Zoller in 1995, specifically for the trapped ion system. As of April 2018, the largest number of particles to be controllably entangled is 20 trapped ions. This makes the trapped ion quantum computer system one of the most promising architectures for a scalable, universal quantum computer. Promising schemes in development to scale the system to arbitrarily large numbers of qubits include transporting ions to spatially distinct locations in an array of ion traps, building large entangled states via photonically connected networks of remotely entangled ion chains, and combinations of these two ideas. The fundamental operations of a quantum computer have been demonstrated experimentally with the currently highest accuracy in trapped ion systems. Lasers are applied to induce coupling between the qubit states (for single qubit operations) or coupling between the internal qubit states and the external motional states (for entanglement between qubits). Qubits are stored in stable electronic states of each ion, and quantum information can be transferred through the collective quantized motion of the ions in a shared trap (interacting through the Coulomb force). Ions, or charged atomic particles, can be confined and suspended in free space using electromagnetic fields. Chip ion trap for quantum computing from 2011 at NIST.Ī trapped ion quantum computer is one proposed approach to a large-scale quantum computer.
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